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The Ancient Capital - Bhubaneswar

Once the ancient capital of the Kalinga empire and now the capital of Orissa, Bhubaneshwar has a rich history of 2000 years. Bhubaneshwar was known as the 'Cathedral of the East' owing to it's large number of shrines. Literally, the name means 'abode of God' or 'master of the universe'. Out of the 7000 temples, built in the lavish Oriya style, that used to border the Sagar tank only 500 still survive. The beauty of this place is said to have inspired Rabindranath Tagore to write poetry in praise of Bhubaneshwar.

The City of Temples and Pilgrimage Centre - Bhubaneswar

Lingaraja Temple

This magnificent temple is a testimony to Indian architecture at its most mature and fully developed state. The Lingaraja temple overlooks the city and dominates the landscape. Dated back to the 11th century, this 147 ft high temple was built by Lalatendu Keshari of Somavamsi dynasty in 617-657 A.D. The 'nata mandapa' (dance hall) and 'bhoga mandapa' (offering hall) were later added to the temple. This temple was built at a time when the Jagannath cult was at its peak.

By the time Ligaraja temple was built, the Jagannath cult has gained immense popularity all over India. This is exemplified by the fact, that Swayambhu Linga - half vishnu, half shiva, is the presiding diety here. There is an element of harmony within religion here as is evident by the presence of all Hindu gods and goddesses.

One of the noticeable features of the Lingaraj temple is its degrading architectural beauty, as one retreats from the deul (the Sanctum Sanctorum), away towards the bhogamandir (the hall of offerings). This is so, because the Lingaraja temple was built by the rulers of three dynasties, over a huge span of time. The deul was built by the prosperous Kesari dyanasty. The Muslim invasion, after that, left the Ganga dynasty in a position, that they built the bhogamandir at the cost of its architectural beauty.

Parasurameswara Temple

One of the few oldest surviving temples in Bhubaneshwar, the Parasurameshwara temple built in the Kalinga style in 650 A.D., was dedicated to Lord Shiva. In addition to Lord Shiva visitors can also see images of Lord Vishnu, Yama and seven Mother goddesses. Impressive bust of Shiva, exquisite friezes of animal life, human figures and floral motifs make this temple well worth the visit. Just south of Parasurameswara temple is the Swaranajaleswara temple, built in similar fashion, only the motifs on the walls depict scenes from the Ramayana.

Mukteswara Temple

This 10th century temple serves as an important transition point between the early and later phase of the Kalinga style of architecture. Often referred to as the 'gem of Oriya architecture', the temple offers pride of place to the Panchatantra tales with it's rich sculpture. There is a unique synthesis of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain images on the niches on the outer face of the compound wall. The beautiful torana - the arched decorative gateway, with it's Buddhist influence in the highlight of the temple. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, the temple is also carved with figures of meditating ascetics.

Rajarani Temple

Built in the 11th century, the Rajarani temple is famous for its ornate deul, or compass, decorated with some of the most impressive Oriya temple architecture. What is remarkable is that the temple has nor presiding diety. The temple's name is supposed to be derived from the red-gold sandstone used in building it - rajarani being the local name for the stone.

The deul is intricately carved with figures involved in daily chores. The lower portion of the deul is populated by statues of eight Dipalakas, guarding the eight cardinal directions of the temple. Between them, nymphs, embracing couples, elephants and lions fill the niches, and decorate the pillars. Set in a picturesque locale, the temple creates a dramatic image against the setting sun.

Bramheswara Temple

A tribute to the mature Oriyan school of architecture, this beautiful temple houses a living deity, which is indicated by the saffron pennant flying from the top of the sanctuary. The deul and the jagmohana (the porch) are exquisitely carved and for the first time in the history of temple architecture, musicians and dancers appear on the outer walls. What is unique here is that iron beams are used in the architecture. Towards the west of the temple Chamunda Shiva and other deities are depicted. During the months of April-May, the idol of Lord Lingaraja is taken out in procession at Ashokashtami as a part of a chariot festival.

Udaygiri Khandagiri

7 kms from Bhubaneshwar are the twin hills of Udaygiri and Khandagiri. Built by Kharavela around 1st-2nd century BC, for Jain monks, these are beautiful examples of Jain Cave art. The famous caves of Hathigumpha (elephant cave) in Udaygiri, Rani Gumpha (Queen's cave) also in Udaygiri, with upper and lower storeys, roomy courtyards and exquisitely designed friezes are tributes to the level of class the architectural styles had attained as early as the first century BC.

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